Alyssum, a famous genus of Brassicaceae, the mustard family, is native to the Middle East, especially Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan, and comprises 100–170 related species. Alyssum homolocarpum is well known to Iranian practitioners and folk healers. The plant is traditionally known as Qodume Shirazi or Toodari in Persian, and it is administered for various ailments such as topical inflammation and swellings. It was also reported to be beneficial in respiratory complications, sexual dysfunction, and some neurological disorders. A. homolocarpum comprises annual herbaceous plants clothed with stellate, white hairs, growing to 10–20 cm tall, with oblanceolate, or oblong-linear, leaves, and white flowers. Each locule of this plant has two broad, round pale pink margined seeds with length 1.5–2.5mm. Alyssum homolocarpum seeds have been used as a traditional medicine for hundreds of years. It has been used to cure a dry cough, whooping cough, asthma, pneumonia, and kidney stones in Iranian traditional medicine. The application of plant extracts for the treatment of several diseases and for minimizing the impact of the chemotherapeutic agent is growing. There is evidence that A. homolocarpum seed extract has antioxidant properties. A. homolocarpum is planted mainly for its mucilage, and the outer layer of seeds absorbs moisture rapidly when immersed in water and produces a viscid, turbid, and insipid liquid. The seeds are known to have plenty of mucilaginous substance. Plant mucilages are applied for thickening, binding, disintegrating, emulsifying, suspending, and stabilizing, and as gelling agents. These properties are relevant to their structural properties and metabolic functions in food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical products. Here, we review these characteristics.