In the current study, the DSMC method is utilized to obtain the entropy, entropy generation and the local gradient length Knudsen number in the rare¯ed °ows. Two particular geometries, cavity and °at plate, are considered to study the departure from equilibrium state in the presence of sudden expansion/contraction, bend in the velocity pro¯le, boundary °ow and shock waves. The entire slip regime is considered to investigate small and large nonequilibrium e®ects on the entropy and entropy productions. Our investigation reveals that the distribution of entropy in the rare¯ed °ow is very similar to the temperature contour. The entropy generation distribution in the micro cavity indicates that the two top corners are the regions around which departure from equilibrium state takes place. The study of entropy generation over the °at plate reveals that the entropy production is maximized along the shock wave. Moreover, increasing the rarefaction e®ects thickens the nonequilibrium shock wave. We also observed that increasing the nonequilibrium e®ects reduces the level of entropy generation in the rare¯ed °ow. As the °ow density decreases in the nonequilibrium regime, the level of shear stress and heat °ux reduces, which subsequently lower the level of entropy generation in the rare¯ed °ows. Furthermore, it was found that although the level of entropy generation in the °ow reduces as the Knudsen number increases, the boundaries of the maximum entropy production region extends under large rarefaction e®ects.

Keywords