This paper develops a novel controller called adaptive iterative learning sliding mode (AILSM) to control linear and nonlinear fractional-order systems. This controller applies a hybrid structure of adaptive and iterative learning control in to sliding mode method. It can switch between both adaptive and iterative learning control in order to use the advantages of both controllers simultaneously and therefore achieve better control performance. This controller is designed in a way to be robust against the external disturbance. It also estimates unknown parameters of fractional-order system. The proposed controller, unlike the conventional iterative learning control, does not need to apply direct control input to output of the system. It is shown that the controller performs well in partial and complete observable conditions. Illustrative examples verify the performance of the proposed control in presence of unknown disturbances and model

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