Repair of large bone defects resulting from trauma, tumors, and osteitis is a current challenge to surgeons. Adipose-derived adult stem cells (ASCs) are multipotent cells that are able to differentiate into osteoblasts in the presence of certain factors. In this study, the role of greater omentum as a scaffold incorporation of ASCs was evaluated in long-bone defect healing in dog model. Sixteen 3–4-year-old, male adult mongrel dogs, weighing 25.2 ± 3.5 kg, were used in this study. In the control group (n = 4), the defect was left empty. In the omental group (n = 4), the defect was filled with harvested omentum. In the omental-ASCs group (n = 4), the defect was filled with omentum and 1 mL of ASCs was injected into the grafted omentum. In the omental-culture medium group (n = 4), 1 mL of culture medium was injected into the grafted omentum. Finally, the injured radial bones were fixed with plate and screw. Radiographs of each forelimb was taken postoperatively on the first day and at the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth weeks postinjury to evaluate bone formation, union, and remodeling of the defect. The operated radii were removed on the 56th postoperative day and were histopathologically evaluated. In this study, both omental-culture medium and omental-ASCs groups demonstrated superior osteogenic potential in healing the radial bone defect. Compared to those of the omental and control groups, more advanced bone healing criteria were present in the omental-culture medium and omental-ASCs groups at radiological and histopathological levels at 8 weeks postsurgery.

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