An important ethical principle of animal use in biomedical research is that alternatives to live animals should be used whenever possible. Today, because experiments on animals are cruel, expensive, and generally inapplicable to humans, the world’s most forward-thinking scientists have moved on to develop and use methods for studying diseases and testing products that replace animals and are actually relevant to human health. These modern methods include: 1, sophisticated tests using human cells and tissues (also known as in vitro methods such as: “organs-on-chips” that contain human cells grown in a state-of-the-art system to mimic the structure and function of human organs and organ systems. 2, advanced computer-modeling techniques (often referred to as in silico models). Researchers have developed a wide range of sophisticated computer models that simulate human biology and the progression of developing diseases. 3, a method called “microdosing” can provide vital information on the safety of an experimental drug and how it is metabolized in humans prior to large-scale human trials. And, 4, strikingly life-like computerized human-patient simulators that breathe, bleed, convulse, talk, and even “die” have been shown to teach students physiology and pharmacology better than crude exercises that involve cutting up animals. In this paper all of the methods will discuss in details.

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