Biomarker discovery is one of the newly emerging innovations in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and many other diseases. Many research groups and large pharmaceutical companies are actively engaged in searching for novel biomarkers for malignant diseases, which will make molecular analysis and monitoring of disease possible. Aptamers are ssDNA, RNA, or modified nucleic acids. They have the ability to bind specifically to their targets, which range from small organic molecules to proteins. The production of these synthetic ligands is including: production of synthetic libraries of nucleic acids, absorption and multiplication with a process of exponential enrichment (SELEX). In recent years, aptamers are considered as an alternative to antibodies, because aptamers are not only have all the properties of antibodies, but also have other characteristics such as: less immunogenicity, thermal stability and low cost for construction. In addition, aptamers are non-toxic and therefore can be used for therapeutic or diagnostic of the diseases. Aptamers due to its unique properties and chemical structure is widely used in various techniques such as ELISA, biosensor and so on. Due to the fact that there are different types of target molecules, various methods have been developed from the process of selecting aptamers for these targets. Aptamers have many applications in molecular medicine. Using aptamers that can identify cells without the knowledge of molecular targets identified different types of cells. With the advent of technologies such as nanotechnology and biotechnology, aptamers can be used in medical diagnostics. Undoubtedly with the rapid development of nanotechnology, microchips, RNA interference (RNAi) and other advanced technologies, aptamers can be widely used in these technologies, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the application of aptamer in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases is discussed.

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