Many different methods, such as light microscopy, serology and molecular assay have been used to detect of Theileria spp and Babesia spp in host and vector. The light microscopy of Giemsa-stained blood smears is a classical method to detect Theileria spp and Babesia spp. This method has limited the sensitivity for detecting low density infection piroplasm species. The serological assays are important methods for epidemiological studies, but cross-reactivity between piroplasm species reduces the sensitivity of tests to differentiate piroplasm species. Recently, molecular methods have been used in the epidemiology of Infection diseases. More sensitivity and specificity of this methods have been changed to understand the different aspects of epidemiology of piroplasm infection. In this review described the effect of diagnostic methods on the epidemiology of Theileria spp and Babesia spp infection in Iran.

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