Pigeon towers have been a unique part of Iran\\\'s agricultural heritage and have cultural and historical significance beyond their practical use in agriculture. They were built to provide a reliable source of manure, particularly in the central parts of Iran, such as Isfahan and Yazd. However, they are rapidly disappearing due to neglect and lack of maintenance. This study aimed to investigate the role of pigeon towers in sustainable agriculture of Iran and their potential to produce manure for organic production systems. It was found that the estimated amount of pigeon manure varied widely, based on the structure, location, and the number of pigeons in the towers and was in the range of 150- 6000 kg.year-1. Analyzed parameters of pigeon manure indicated that it is a rich source of nutrients and organic matter for the soil. It contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, as well as essential micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, particularly Fe, and had higher fertilizer capacity compared to other types of manure, such as cow, and sheep. The slightly acidic nature and low electrical conductivity of pigeon manure make it valuable, especially in calcareous soils in arid and semi-arid areas such as most agricultural soils of Iran. In addition, pigeon manure is relatively low in weed seeds and pathogens, making it a highly prized manure as organic fertilizer. Preserving pigeon towers can contribute to the sustainability of agricultural practices, while also preserving cultural and ecological heritage. These towers can be revived as sources of manure in organic agriculture, making their preservation a practical and sustainable solution, especially for small-scale farmers in areas where other sources of organic matter are scarce.

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