Neurological disorders are a health issue due to the ongoing challenge of finding effective treatments for them today. There is a characteristic of these diseases which involves malformed proteins in certain brain areas. This research examines how exosomes, particles released from cells, play a role in spreading proteins associated with neurodegenerative conditions and explores the potential of therapies that focus on exosomes. Three databases (Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed) were searched for published articles on how exosomes contribute to the transmission of proteins in disorders. The in vitro and in vivo original studies written in English from January 2013 to December 2023 were included in this study. Twenty affiliated articles with complete abstracts were included in this study. Scientists have acknowledged that exosomes play a role in transferring proteins and genetic materials within the central nervous system cells. Their ability to transport proteins such as tau and α-synuclein aids in the progression of various diseases. Research has provided insights into how certain proteins are embedded into exosomes and initiate disease progression in recipient cells. Exosomes hold promise as markers, for detecting and monitoring diseases. Recent studies have highlighted a growing interest in leveraging immunotherapy to target exosomes or their contents by employing techniques like antibodies that target proteins on the surfaces of exosomes as well as vaccines or small molecule inhibitors within the field of research and development efforts, in this area. Studies involving animal models have suggested the effectiveness of these approaches. This review discusses how exosomes play a role in distributing proteins in neurodegenerative disorders and their potential for developing innovative treatments. Targeted therapies involving exosomes hold promise, for treatment strategies although challenges related to accuracy and crossing the blood brain barrier persist.

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