Exosomes are vesicles derived from endosomes, and they are known to serve as messengers that facilitate communication between cells in different systems within the body—such as cancer biology interlinked with neurodegenerative diseases and immune responses. This research explores the functions of exosomes in facilitating communication, across these distinct biological pathways to uncover potential therapy targets and diagnostic markers. Three databases (Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed) were searched for published articles on how exosomes communicate in cancer situations, neurodegenerative disease and immune responses. The in vitro and in vivo original studies written in English from January 2013 to December 2023 were included in this study. Seventeen affiliated articles with complete abstracts were included in this study. Recent studies have found that exosomes derived from cancer cells can influence the behavior of neurons and contribute to the hurdles associated with cancer progression. Exosomes released by cells affected by various conditions could aid in the growth and spread of tumors. The immune system plays a role, in facilitating this communication by regulating cell functions and responses to inflammation. Some studies indicate that exosomes from cancer cells contain molecules that inhibit the systems surveillance mechanisms, potentially exacerbating neuroinflammatory issues. When it comes to conditions like disorders, exosomes play a role in transmitting proteins that could affect the performance of cells too. The emerging information suggests that exosomes released by activated cells can influence the behavior of tumors and the health of neurons. The components found in these exosomes such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids are crucial for regulating these interactions. This review looks into how exosomes interact within the communication network of cancer cells and their effects on neurodegenerative diseases and the immune system. Investigating these relationships opens up possibilities, for developing treatments and diagnostic approaches.

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