e blossoming of almond trees often overlaps with spring frosts, posing a significant risk of reduced or even nullified yields. However, almonds exhibit genetic variability in their response to extreme cold and frost. Identifying frost-resistant cultivars and genotypes through reliable evaluation methods and leveraging their genetic potential is a promising strategy to mitigate spring frost damage. This study explored the response of various almond cultivars and genotypes to frost damage using controlled freezing and thermal analysis. Two experiments were conducted separately in 2019 and 2020. The first experiment employed thermal analysis to evaluate the frost tolerance of six almond genotypes (S1, S2, A5, A8, A11, and A23) across three phenological stages: green tip, popcorn, and open flower. The second experiment examined the frost tolerance of 26 cultivars/genotypes in 2019 and 30 in 2020 at the open flower stage. This was achieved through a combination of thermal analysis, visual inspection, and ion leakage assessment in a controlled temperature chamber. The findings revealed that both the phenological stage and the specific cultivars/genotypes significantly influenced the exotherm temperature of almond flower buds. A positive correlation was observed between the exotherm temperature of flower and leaf buds, frost damage, and ion leakage, highlighting the practicality of thermal analysis as a tool for assessing frost tolerance in almonds. Based on the results of thermal analysis, cultivars/genotypes D12, Saba, KD101, KD99, A5, and C16 were identified as leading candidates for future almond breeding programs

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