This study focuses on the potential health hazards linked to the application of semi-treated wastewater in agriculture, particularly in low-income countries. It emphasizes the need to expand initiatives beyond wastewater treatment to enhance food safety and minimize adverse effects on irrigation. Employing decision-making methodologies like the interval ordinal priority approach (I-OPA), weighted sum assessment of the product (WASPAS), and best and worst method (BWM), the research identifies effective strategies for safe wastewater use. Priority should be given to supportive measures for farmers, such as collaboration, financial, and educational assistance. Technical strategies, including local treatment plants, wastewater dilution, appropriate crop selection, and optimized irrigation practices, should follow. Additionally, interventionist approaches like surveillance and behavioral nudges are essential. The study concludes that a multifaceted approach combining various prioritized actions is necessary for effective risk mitigation, offering valuable insights for policymakers to promote safe agricultural practices while supporting public health and environmental sustainability goals.

Keywords