Background and Aim: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with coronary artery disease (CAD) playing a significant role (2, 3). CAD occurs due to the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis, which results from lipid accumulation and blood clot formation, potentially leading to myocardial infarction. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is a widely used treatment to improve myocardial blood flow; however, the risk of recurrent atherosclerosis remains. Key risk factors for CAD include elevated total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, along with reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (4). Additionally, apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a crucial atherogenic marker that plays a fundamental role in atherosclerosis progression (11). Research suggests that physical exercise, particularly endurance training, has a beneficial impact on reducing ApoB levels and improving lipid profiles. However, some studies have reported conflicting results (12). Given these inconsistencies, this study aims to investigate the effects of combined aerobic-resistance training on lipid profile, ApoB levels, and atherogenic indices in middle-aged men following CABG surgery.

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