Background: Neospora caninum is a critical yet often underdiagnosed cause of ovine abortion, resulting in substantial reproductive and economic losses globally. This review consolidates current knowledge on ovine neosporosis to inform effective management. Methods: A review was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, with keywords Neospora caninum, ovine abortion, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control. Twenty-six English language studies focusing on sheep, primarily from 2015–2025, were analyzed. Results: Neospora caninum seroprevalence in sheep ranges from 2% to 36%, driven by vertical transmission, with horizontal transmission via canine oocysts or rodents. In Brazil and Iran, it is a primary abortifacient, confirmed by molecular studies. Tachyzoites cause placental and fetal lesions, leading to mid-to-late gestation abortions. Diagnosis employs ELISAs, nested PCR, and immunohistochemistry, though cross-reactivity with Toxoplasma gondii and tissue autolysis pose challenges. Control strategies include selective culling, biosecurity to limit dog access, and subunit vaccines (e.g., NcCyP, NcSRS2) reducing parasite burden. Drugs like clindamycin have limited efficacy. Economic impacts are significant in Brazil and Iran. Conclusion: Neospora caninum demands advanced diagnostics, effective vaccines, and region-specific epidemiological studies to mitigate its impact on sheep production.

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