Background: Sheep abortion imposes a significant economic burden on the livestock industry, with Toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic apicomplexan parasite, being a major infectious cause. Cats, as the definitive hosts, play a critical role in the parasite’s life cycle by shedding environmentally resistant oocysts through feces, contaminating grass, feed, and water sources. Sheep typically become infected by ingesting these sporulated oocysts. Methods: In this retrospective study, 357 brain tissue samples from aborted ovine fetuses were collected between 2017 and 2023 from various flocks in northeastern Iran. DNA was extracted and analyzed using nested PCR targeting the B1 gene of the T. gondii. Results: Of the total samples, 26 (7.3%) tested positive for T. gondii DNA. A statistically significant difference in infection rates was observed across the years (χ² = 41.74, p < 0.0001). The highest infection rate was observed in 2020 (35.3%). Conclusion: This study confirms the endemic presence of T. gondii in ovine abortions in Razavi Khorasan, with a sharp peak in the infection rate in 2020. The findings emphasize the crucial role of cats in parasite transmission and highlight the need for integrated control strategies, including farm biosecurity, restricting cat access to livestock areas, proper disposal of aborted materials, farmer education, and routine molecular surveillance to prevent future outbreaks and minimize reproductive and economic losses.

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