Medical education in Afghanistan has faced significant challenges owing to decades of conflict and instability, which has severely affected its infrastructure and quality. Despite these difficulties, efforts to rebuild and reform the system have continued since 2001. This study reviews the historical development of medical education in Afghanistan, from the contributions of ancient scholars like Avicenna and Al-Razi to the evolution from traditional practices to modern educational frameworks. The modern Afghan medical education system includes both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Undergraduate medical teaching is overseen by the Ministry of Higher Education and involves a structured academic hierarchy, whereas residency and specialty training are managed by the Ministry of Public Health and are conducted in specified hospitals. This study investigates the impact of prolonged conflict, the significant reforms implemented post-2001, and the structure of both undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, including the processes of admission, curriculum development, and licensing examinations. Additionally, it examines the roles of various medical associations, challenges posed by political turmoil, and ongoing efforts to rebuild and improve the medical education system. Key findings highlighted the role of international collaboration in rebuilding efforts and the ongoing challenges faced by female medical professionals. This review underscores the importance of continued support and reform to ensure the development of a robust medical education system capable of meeting the health care needs of the Afghan population.

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