Background: Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease in cattle and presents zoonotic risks. Free-grazing cattle may be at an increased risk of exposure to infection; however, data from the eastern Golestan Province are limited. This study investigates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in this region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out during the spring on 348 free-grazing cattle in eastern Golestan Province. Fresh fecal samples were collected from the ground immediately after defecation and examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts using the modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique. Results: In this study, 348 fecal samples were collected from free-grazing cattle and calves in villages across eastern Golestan Province, including Kalaleh, Maraveh Tappeh, Galikesh, and Minoodasht counties. The samples consisted of 289 adult cattle and 59 calves. Samples were examined microscopically using the modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique. Overall, 82 samples (23.5%) were found to be infected with Cryptosporidium. Results indicated that 69 samples (19.8%) from adult cattle and 13 samples (3.7%) from calves tested positive for Cryptosporidium. Considering the potential role of livestock in spreading Cryptosporidium oocysts and associated public health risks, maintaining hygiene and controlling risk factors in traditional, free-grazing livestock farming are essential. Conclusion: This study shows that Cryptosporidium infection is present in free-roaming cattle and calves in eastern Golestan Province, with a considerable prevalence. Because Cryptosporidium is zoonotic and affects both animal and public health, it is crucial to adopt effective hygiene practices and manage risk factors in traditional livestock farming to lower infection rates and safeguard both animals and humans

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