Rosa damascena (Damask rose) has long been esteemed in traditional medicine for its neurocalming, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Recent scientific interest highlights its potential to address exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress by modulating the neuroimmune axis. This narrative review synthesizes preclinical, clinical, and ethnobotanical evidence regarding R. damascena’s effects on neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and post-exercise recovery. It aims to elucidate mechanistic pathways, assess translational applications, and propose evidence-based strategies for incorporation into sports medicine and athlete recovery protocols. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across biomedical databases up to May 2025. Eligible studies included in vitro, in vivo, and human research examining the physiological effects of R. damascena or its constituents in the context of neuropsychology, inflammation, oxidative damage, and exercise recovery. R. damascena exhibits multi-modal effects, including down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, attenuation of oxidative biomarkers, enhancement of parasympathetic activity, and modulation of serotonergic and GABAergic systems. Evidence supports its role in improving sleep quality, mood regulation, and cognitive function factors critical to athlete performance and resilience. Both preclinical and early-phase human studies indicate potential benefits in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), accelerating recovery, and supporting autonomic balance. A translational framework is proposed to guide future applications and clinical trials. With its unique blend of neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, and adaptogenic properties, R. damascena presents a promising phytotherapeutic agent for exercise recovery. Bridging ancient medical traditions and modern sports science, it warrants further interdisciplinary investigation to validate its efficacy, determine optimal formulations, and ensure safety in diverse athletic populations.

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