Objective The present study investigated the effects of an 8-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and continuous aerobic training (CAT) on asprosin serum, fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene expression, insulin, and fasting glucose levels as well as insulin resistance index in diabetic male rats. Methods A total number of 48 Wistar male rats were randomly assigned to six groups, i.e., non-diabetic control group, diabetic control group, non-diabetic CAT group, non-diabetic HIIT group, diabetic CAT group, and diabetic HIIT group. HIIT and CAT groups performed their own 8-week training protocols, and the rats were anesthetized and killed 48 h after the cessation of the last training session. Results The relevant variables in the rats were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis test at a significance level of p < 0.05 was used for statistical data analysis. It was found that there were significant differences among the levels of asprosin serum (p < 0.001), FBN1 gene expression (p < 0.001), insulin (p < 0.002), and fasting glucose (p < 0.001) as well as insulin resistance indexes (p < 0.001) of the non-diabetic control group, diabetic control group, non-diabetic HIIT group, non-diabetic CAT group, diabetic HIIT group, and diabetic CAT group. Conclusions It seems that diabetes has significant effects on increasing asprosin and FBN1 gene expression levels, while HIIT and CAT workouts have significant effects on decreasing asprosin and FBN1 gene expression levels. Therefore, both HIIT and CAT protocols can be utilized as significantly effective strategies for decreasing the levels of asprosin and its upstream gene, i.e., FBN1; thus, a combination of both strategies can be regarded as a useful intervention method for treating diabetes.\\\\

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