In this paper, we investigate an energy-aware flow shop scheduling problem under sequence-dependent setup times, group scheduling, and renewable energy constraints. We aim to minimize the total energy cost dependent on time-of-use electricity tariffs. To this end, we develop two mixed-integer linear programming models, including a time-unit index model and a time-interval index model. Besides, we develop a decomposition-based heuristic algorithm to solve efficiently medium-size instances. Using extensive computational experiments, we show that the heuristic algorithm outperforms both developed models, and the time-interval index model indicates superior performance than the time-unit index model. Finally, we provide a set of sensitivity analyses and evaluation of economic performance.

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