There is a growing concern about anthelmintic resistance (AR) in farmed ruminants worldwide, and this is putting a strain on the effectiveness of parasite control. Research to combat AR will need to be intensified and integrated Innovative diagnostic tests need to be developed to detect helminth infections and AR, and sustainable antihelmintic treatments need to be developed, as well as complementary control methods like vaccination and plant-based methods. Additionally, in order to achieve a behavioral shift and to make sure sustainable solutions are adopted by the public, it will be necessary to gain a deeper understanding of socio-economic drivers of anthelmintic treatment decisions. The purpose of this lecture, is to review the state-of-the-art regarding AR in helminths of livestock ruminants in Iran and elsewhere. The spread of AR presents new challenges and solutions, and intensified research efforts demands transnational multi-actor initiatives to address these challenges and solve these problems. For infection control and sustainable control, all key stakeholders should be involved in the development of indicators and set targets, as well as promote good practices to accomplish them.

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