The challenge of water security is an important issue that has significant implications for regional stability, agricultural productivity, and public health. The assessment of water security components and indicators provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to water resources in a given region. Due to climate change, population growth, and mismanagement of water resources, water shortage problems have become increasingly serious in both Iran and Iraq, two important countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Both countries face a complex interplay of factors contributing to water scarcity, including the over-extraction of groundwater, pollution of water bodies, and the impacts of geopolitical tensions on shared water resources. In Iran, the situation is exacerbated by prolonged droughts and mismanagement of water resources, which have led to significant declines in surface/ground water resources and increased competition for water among various sectors. Similarly, in Iraq the construction of dams upstream, especially in Turkey, has further diminished the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, leading to critical shortages that threaten both agricultural and domestic water supplies. Given these pressing challenges, the assessment of water security is critical for both Iran and Iraq. This assessment examines key components and indicators of water security, focusing on availability, accessibility, quality, and governance. Only through a concerted effort can Iran and Iraq hope to navigate the complexities of water security and build a more sustainable and secure future for their populations.

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