Introduction: Diabetes as a degenerative disease can affect different organs such as gonads. On the other hand, one of the reason for 13-15% infertility incidence between young couples may be hormonal disorders related to gonads. The goal of present sudy was focused on the sex hormons and testicular structure alterations caused by hyperglycemia induced by experimental type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes in male Wistar rat. METHODS: Thirty adult male rats were divided as control, T1D; induced by a single injection of 135 mg/kg body weight Alloxan), T2D; induced by administration of 10% fructose through drinking water for 8 weeks) and control positive (CP; treated by Cetrorelix Acetate as a GnRH receptor antagonist, 100 μg /kg; ip). Two months after diabetes induction, blood samples were collected for serum assays of FSH, LH and testosterone levels. Then testes were processed for microanatomical evaluation and then testes weight, diameters, mean diameters of seminefrous tubuls, mean thickness of seminefrous wall, percentage of undamaged tubules and the population of tubular cells were examined. Results and conclusion: In compare with control, the hormonal levels of testosterone and LH were significantly decreased in all experimental groups while FSH level was not reduced significantly. Furthermore, the testicular weight, the percentage of undamaged tubuls and cell population were remakably reduced in T1D, T2D and CP groups. These alterations were not as strong as T1D in T2D group. The similarity of structural and hormonal alterations in diabetic and CP groups may indicate that hyperglycemia exerts its effects on testicular structure and function through hypothalmo-pituitary- gonad axis.

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